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| c. 650 |
| | The Vikings develop the fast and narrow longships with which they raid across the North Sea | |
| | Viking ship Fotofile CG
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| 711 |
| | Muslim Arabs cross from north Africa into Spain and drive the Visigoths from Toledo | |
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| 718 |
| | Retreating from the Arab onslaught, the Visigoths establish a kingdom of last resort in the extreme north of Spain, in Asturias | |
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| 828 |
| | The Venetians, acquiring from Alexandria some bones believed to be those of St Mark, build St Mark's to house the valuable relic | |
| | St.Mark's, Venice. Mosaic Fotofile CG
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| c. 1100 |
| | Greek texts, translated by Arabic scholars in Baghdad, gradually make their way through the Muslim world to Christian Europe | |
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| 1147 |
| | Seville falls to the Almohads, from north Africa, who make it their Spanish capital | |
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| 1391 |
| | Construction begins on a canal from Lübeck south to the Elbe, linking the Baltic and the North Sea | |
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| 1410 |
| | The Viking settlement in Greenland ends, after 400 years, when the last ship leaves the colony and sails for Norway | |
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| 1497 |
| | Henry VII commissions the Italian navigator John Cabot to cross the Atlantic in search of new territories for England | |
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| from 1517 |
| | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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